The epistles of paul pdf

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December 14, Pourtant, la conclusion que ces epitres seraient inauthentiques. Cet article presente l'auteur fait aussi apparaitre les enjeux de la question de un tour d'horizon des points importants dans le debat I'authenticite de ces lettres pour les etudes pauliniennes et une courte evaluation: le probleme de I'harmonisa- actuelles, la theologie et le christianisme.

During Although the debate is still going on, few the nineteenth century the debate was lively, 1 but, exegetes are aware of this. Mainstream theology in the twentieth century the debate seemed settled assumes the inauthenticity of the PE. Nev- take the trouble to investigate the original argu- ertheless, proponents of authenticity continue to ments.

They are interested in vocabulary of the Pauline literature. Furthermore, the precise nature of the claim ofPauline authorship 'typical Pauline' usage of particles, prepositions by asking to what extent these letters are Pauline. Unfortunately, their research has led to diverging In Grayston and Herdan refined Harrison's results.

Struc- the PE. In the second Furthermore, there appears to be a lack of personal part these arguments are investigated to see if they notes in 1 Timothy and Titus. Next, regarding the are solid and lead inexorably to a conclusion of method of argumentation the PE seem to invert the inauthenticity.

Also typical of the matters for current Pauline debate, theology and PE is the remarkable expression morae;; b Aoyoe;; Christianity whether or not the PE are Pauline.

This expression occurs frequently in the PE and is exclusive to these letters. Last but not A. Arguments for the Inauthenticity least, the monotone and colourless style of the PE Hypothesis catches one's attention. Four arguments support the hypothesis of inau- thenticity: the historical argument; the argument 3. The argument of theology of language and style; the argument of theology Not only the language and style, but also the the- and the argument of church development.

More specific, the theology of the PE 1. The historical argument is said to reflect a later period of origin than the One of the difficulties regarding the authenticity of authentic Pauline literature.

As a consequence, the historical 19 times in the corpus Paulinum, 15 times in the framework of Acts does not provide a fitting time PE. Occasionally the thought is even stressed by and place during which the PE could originate. Besides, framework of Acts.

The argument of language and style reality' see, e. Further, The language and style of the PE differ from the rather than articulating this doctrine in the PE, the language and style of the so-called authentic let- author wants it to be handed down e. This deviation from the 'normal' language ; Second, the orthodoxy in the PE and style register found in the corpus Paulinum is goes hand in hand with an emphasis on orthopraxy. For example Oberlinner concludes: 13 times in the corpus Paulinum, all instances of 'Diese Unterschiede in Sprache und Stil zwischen which are in the PE.

Besides, the requirements for den Past und den anerkannten Paulinen sprechen bishops and deacons mentioned in these letters deutlich gegen paulinische Verfasserschaft'.

He noticed the tion in society than with holiness and abstract ethi- huge amount of hapax legomena in the letters and cal standards'. First, as noted above, the hospitable and moderate. Furthermore, the Chris- common assumption nowadays is the inauthentic- tian life is described in terms of certain stoic virtues ity of the letters. If the PE are inauthentic letters, Tit. This so-called 'bourgeois' character of then, because of their late origin it is not surpris- the PE contradicts the more usual ethics of Pauline ing that they do not fit the historical framework of literature and is viewed as an attestation of a late Acts.

Second, some proponents of the authentic- origin. Third, the PE strongly oppose false teach- ity hypothesis state that the letters may have been ers and 'heresy'. In the past this heresy was identi- written in the period after the closing chapter of fied as gnosis, especially because of the occurrence Acts.

Fourth, the Roman Empire. In that period the apostle the theology of the PE differs from the Pauline wrote 1 Timothv and Titus. Other concepts seem to be used in the incompatibility of the PE with the historical a ditferent way or even in opposition to Pauline framework of Acts is also not surprising. Third, theology. The argument of church development Acts. The PE especially 1 Timothy and Titus seem to With respect to the proposals in favour of be very concerned with church order.

First, this pro- bishops and deacons. This tendency to organisation posal shows that the book of Acts and the PE are with a strong focus on leadership reflects, accord- not incompatible as is often stated. Second, this ing to most scholars, a post-pauline stage of church proposal demands less speculation than the second development. The Acts. A full discussion of the details of the different PE reveal the beginnings of the institutionalisation proposals is not possible within the limits of this of the early church.

It is important to notice, however, that a comparison of data between Acts and the PE need 5. Main Question not lead to a hasty conclusion of in authenticity. After listing the arguments in favour of the inau- thenticity hypothesis, the possibility of an alter- 2.

The problem of language and style native view will be considered. Hence the main A remark about the data is in order here.

As men- question for the following part of the article: do tioned above, scholars arguing for inauthenticity these four arguments demand the assumption ofinau- generally refer to the work of Harrison thenticity? Although the statistical analysis is clearly an important method for quantifying the language B.

An Alternative View of the PE, it nonetheless has its limitations. IS First, Each of the arguments for inauthenticity will be the PE do not deliver enough material for a reli- investigated with respect to their probability.

Are able statistical analysis especially given the fact that they built on clear observations? Do these observa- the three letters are not one document, something tions admit other lines of argumentation?

The historical problem and style. Third, the extant statistical models end The historical problem concerning the incompat- up with different results.

He came to the following conclusion: 'It opinion these particularities perfectly fit the two is only Titus which is shown as deserving the sus- different communities the letters were sent to. On the contrary, inter- completely. Sta- IIau.. TL rcv seems more helpful in some factors that may have influenced the language explaining the distinctiveness of these three letters.

These factors are connected to These letters, unlike all other Paulines, were writ- issues of authorship on the one hand a , and the ten to individuals, more specifically co-workers of audience on the other hand b. In what way did his co-workers influence his as a result, Paul's language and style would differ writings 1 Both letters to the Thessalonians, for from the other letters of the corpus Paulinum.

On the whole, these epistles tend to deal with three general issues:. The book of Romans is a good example:. Two are written to Timothy, and the last is written to Titus. Because these letters are for specific individuals, they include more specific instructions than the other letters. Paul considers Timothy and Titus to be his sons in the faith 1 Ti ; Tt He trusts them to manage their local churches well 1 Ti ; Tt and maintain his sound teaching 1 Ti ; Tt Philemon is a hybrid of the two categories.

So the letter to Philemon has specific instructions for an individual church leader like the pastoral epistles but is addressed to a local congregation like a church letter. Unlike the Gospels and Acts , the Pauline epistles hardly contain any narrative. These are primarily correspondence: Paul sends greetings, instructions, encouragement, and background information.

This is where the story of Jesus described in the Gospels is explained in greater detail. This is one of those times. On the whole, these epistles tend to deal with three general issues: Doctrine: what Christians should know Application: what Christians should do with doctrine Logistics: specific instructions, greetings, etc.

The book of Romans is a good example: In the first 11 chapters, Paul explains what the gospel is. At the end of chapter 15, he discusses his plans to visit, and the final chapter of Romans includes many greetings to Christians in the area. As you read these epistles, keep an eye out for these themes.