These Htajt Htajtu Htajti Htajtin Htajt Htajna forms are used before the first and second person inflectional Class X: staraaH 'to rest' suffixes: yiit, yiitu, yiiti, yiitin, yiit, and yiina.
These forms are in staraaH staraaHaw staraaHat staraaHan free variation with yeet, yeetu, etc. Hollow Hollow verbs are based on roots whose second radical is w ox y, 7. The stems of these verbs remain unchanged before the Classes I and VII third p'erson suffixes; before the other suffixes the long vowel ee is Like defective verbs, hollow verbs have two perfect tense stems. Below are the full perfect-tense forms of the verb gaal 'to dass dassaw dassat dassan say. The third person masculine prefix is ya-; for the second person it is ta-; for the first person singular it is 'a-; for the first The inflectional affixes of the imperfect tense are.
Each imperfect b. The third person feminine singular and second person tense verb is made up of a subject marker and a stem. Below is a model conjugation of the imperfect verb diras19 'to c. The prefixes ya- and ta- have two other corresponding free study. The second person feminine singular suffix -iin is in free variation with -een and similarly -uun with -oon Pronoun Verb Meaning Affixes' in the second and third person masculine plural forms, -een and -oon huwa are preserved in the speech of older and uneducated Gulf Arabs.
The imperfect tense in GA expresses one or more of the hiya tadris 'she studies' ta- following meanings: 'inta i habitual: 'adris 9arabi kill yoom. From now on imperfect stems are cited between hyphens, e. It should be pointed out Stem Vowels that their imperfect tense forms are of the yif9aljyaf9al pattern and Both perfect and imperfect tenses haVe stem vowels. The stem never the yaf9il pattern. If the initial radical of a perfect tense verb is a" velar, a is the vowel preceding the last radicaj.
In MSA and most dialects pf pharyngeal, or the glottal fricative i. However, some general remarks can be xataf yxatif 'to make off with s. Note the xatab yxatib 'to give a speech' following: galat ygalit 'to make a mistake' a.
Perfect tense verbs of the fa9al or fi9al type see 6. Past tense verbs with initial w- have the pattern yoo9al for yargis 'to dance' their imperfect tense verbs: tiras yatris 'to fill s. Some of the perfect tense verbs cited above also have the fi9al pattern as was pointed out in 6. Perfect tense verbs of the fi9il type form their imperfect f. Hamzated verbs see 6. The alternate fotmyaazin is more commonly heard than yoozan. Perfect tense verbs whose initial radical is a velar, a 'write! Nearly all the imperative forms are formed from the imperfect 'know,' ixdim 'serve!
The masculine singular form of the imperative is the do! Below are the forms of the imperative of 'iHlib'milk m. Hilboo 'idirsu 'study m. The latter is more commonly used, however. See 6. The imperative of hamzated verbs has two patterns, one with The following rules pertain to the formation of the masculine the prefix 'i- and the other without it.
This latter pattern is more singular imperatives of sound verbs of Class I. That of the other Classes, i. In most dialects the imperfect prefixes are y i - and t i -, 'fill up s. The vowels a and i in the 'cook m. As in the proverbial phrase: nguul Boor yguul Hilba 'We say "bull" ""1 The alternate forms 'usrud and 'urgusm are also heard, especially among educated young Abu Dhabians. Examples: gasmar 'to trick s.
Class VII ' -s'aafir- 'travel m. Hmarr 'to turn red'. Note that the third person plural suffixes are identical in both -garbil- 'irritate m. Similarly the second person plural and the second person Der. This is due to vowel elision: Quad.
Defective tadriin 'you f. The paradigm below gives yabi is in free variation with yabgi. Examples: The imperfect stems' and the perfect stems of derived h'l defective verbs are identical except for the final vowel. The imperative forms of derived defective verbs ha've no 'to'talktas'.
No imperative forms are derived from defective verbs of Class VII. Examples: 'alqa 'to deliver yilqr- 'he delivers rawwi! Class III 'call to s. Class IV 'deliver a speech m. Class V 'stroll m. Class VI 'meet with s.
Class VIII 'compjain m. Examples: -fill-, and -faal-. The final vowel of all defective verbs in the imperfect tense is down' dropped before suffixes. The inflectional prefix is usually yi- as in the Other verbs that belong to this category are: -bii9- 'to sell,' -siir- 'to above cited examples.
T h e derivational prefix is either yi- or ya-. Examples: tnaamiin 'you f. Examples: The imperative form of Class X hollow verbs is the same as its guul 'say m. In rare cases the stem vowel -a- is heard, e. M deserve' The imperative. Below are imperfect stems yistaHibb' '. However, borrowings from MSA and the speech of Arab -Htall- 'to conquer, occupy' immigrants in the Gulf have been heard on formal occasions: sma'azz imperfect yisma'izz 'to feel, be disgusted,' tma'ann impprfect Examples of imperfect stems of Class IX doubled verbs are: yitma'inn 'to be reassured,' etc.
There are many patterns of the verbal noun, which might be of use 3. The following are the most common patterns 3 0 for Class I simi9 'to hear' sama9 'hearing' triradical verbs: 9imil 'to make, do' 9amal 'making; work, j o b ' 1. The order in which the patterns appear is not proportional to their nazal 'to dwell' manzila 'rank, status' frequency. This is a common pattern for verbal nouns derived from The verbal nouns of verbs of Classes II-X follow predictable defective verbs: patterns.
The patterns for verbal nduns of Class II verbs are taf9iil for Verb Verbal ftoun sound verbs, and taf9ila or taf9i9a for defective verbs: baga 'to want' bagi Verb Verbal Noun 'wanting, desiring 5 misa 'to walk' masi fannas 'to terminate s.
The few. Some Glass V verbal nouns take Class I patterns; some others' follow the nkafa 'to be satisfied nkifa 'state of being pattern of Class II verbs, sometimes with changes. Class VI verbal nouns have two patterns: tafaa9ul for sound verbs and.
The patterns Note the f9ilaal. Examples: shift in stress. Examples: their verbal nouns: 1. Sound and doubled: stif9aal gasgas 'to cut up s. Defective: stif9a Instance nouns, also known'as nouns of single occurrence, are staqna 9an 'to do without stiqna derived from verbal nouns or other kinds of nouns by suffixing -a, 'state of doing s.
They are usually of the sta9fa 'to resign' sti9fa patterns fa9la, fi9la, and fu9la. Instance nouns express the meaning 'resignation' of a single occurrence or a particular instance of the underlying sta9ta 'to seek, beg' sti9ta 'begging' word, or a period or "spell" of such a state. Examples of instance 3. See 9. I sami9 'sand' -ramla 'a handful of sand' with appropriate stem changes. In this group belong those feminine nouns that are formed 'dates' tamra 'a date' from their corresponding masculine nouns by the addition of -a E.
Collective nouns with an -a ending form their unit nouns"by These are masculine nouns that end with a doubled consonant, a lengthening the -a. Examples; consonant cluster, or a consonant preceded by a long vowel. With small grains, such as rice, wheat, barley, etc. This group of nouns'requires vowel elision see 4.
This"1 group- of nouns requires both consonant elision and 8. Examples: Nouns that -indicate people who have certain occupations or 'mxabbal 'crazy man' vocations are called occupational nouns. Masculine nouns ending in -u change -u into -w for their Occupational Occupational corresponding feminine forms: Masc. Noun Fern. Noun Verb v »" gatu 'cat m. To this group belong those masculine nouns that end with -i.
Occupational Occupational bdiwi 'Bedouin m. Noun Word 'arduni 'Jordanian m. See Haddaaga Hadag Haddaag 'line-fisherman' 'line-fisherman f. Noun Verb Instrumental Noun xabaz xabbaaz xabbaaza fitaH 'to open' -miftaaH 'key' 'to bake' 'baker m. Trie following are the most frequently used locative noun patterns: 8.
Most instrumental nouns in GA are. The following are the most commonly used patterns. They also indicate twayyir teer 'bird' ufl affection. Only proper nouns belong to this class of diminutives. Most of 'these proper nouns are feminine with t h e feminine ending -a.
Some of these nouns have m9eeriis ' from mi9ris bridegroom' another diminutive pattern, fa99uul, which is used 'only for msee9iid ' from 'umm s'a9iid a town in Qatar ' endearment; those with the -oo suffix imply lack of respect or disregard.
Nora' nuuroo vocabulary, mainly. Persian, Hindi-Urdu, and English. Persian as a first 'language is spoken in many home's, samma 'Shamma' sammoo especially in Kuwait, Qatar, and Dubai. Only a few of those zeenab 'Zainab' zeenaboo borrowings remained unmodified; most of them have been modified female sabaaH 'Sabah' sabbuuH female somewhat, b o t h in phonology and morphology.
The ' i male naasir examples giVen are from English. Diphthongs mHammad 'Mohammad' mHammadoo male 1. Examples: 9abdalla!
Their corresponding waayiv "wire n. Other morphological and syntactic modifications will be pointed out E. To this pattern belong some place names and quadriliterals. See 3. Examples: jalbuut 'jolly-boat' 'isbeer 'spare' tire ' In morphology, most borrowed verbs are those of Class II and teebii 'table' kuut 'coat' they are wholly Arabized.
Consonant Clusters kalac 'clutch' 39 daxtar 'doctor' The vowel i is usually interpolated after the first consonant tindeel 'foreman, supervisor' in a three-consonant spquence; if two consonants are word-initial, 'i- dabal 'double' batrool 'gasoline' usually precedes: 'aayil ' motor oil' tankar 'tank-car' sikruu 40 screw' sikraab scrap taayir ' car tire' kandeesin 'air conditioning' sib ring 'spring' siwic 'switch' glaas 'glass of s.
Metathesis 42 A reversed order of consonants in foreign words is characteristic Persian bandar ' sea port' ofGA: 'i stikaan 'small tea-cup' guuti 'can ofs. British for wrench. Metathesis is here restricted to a reversed order of consonants. Gender seeba 'old man m. Nouns, including pe'rsoital names, that derived from their corresponding masculine nouns. This distinction is important in grammar, rifiij 'companion, friend' rifiija" 'friend; mistress' since the choice of pronoun depends on the gender of the noun or mumarrifr 'nurse' l mumarrrd-a 'nurse' person involved, and it is the function of noun gender that governs mudiir 'director, manager' mudiira 'director, manager' the gender inflection pf verbs and adjectives.
Nouns referring to non-living things also. Nouns with the ending -a Verbal Noun Instance Noun Most nouns with the ending -a or -aa are feminine. These nouns tagg 'beating, flogging' tagga 'a beating' do not have corresponding'masculine nouns. Examples: surb 'drinking' surba 'a drink of s. See 8. Females of -most animals: singular.
Mpst collective nouns, 4 8 from which unit nouns are 'hen' diic 'rooster' diyaaya derived, are masculine singular, though the English translation may floor 'bull' bgara 'cow' be plural, e. Some nouns do not have the feminine ending -a, but they Note that itokar 'male' and naBya 'female' can be used for either are feminine by usage. These nouns include: a male or a female human being or an animal: 1. Double parts of the body: irakar 1-mara huwa r-rayyaal.
A few common words, including many foreign nouns: 2. Names of cities,"towns, and countries: sicciin 'knife' seekal 'bicycle' glaas ' drinking glass' 'abu dabi 'Abu Dhabi' dbayy sams 'sun' teebil 'table' catti 'a short note' 'Dubai' I-baHreen 'Bahrain' naar 'fire' botil 'bottle' sikriim 'ice cream' 9ajmaan 'Ajman' gitar 'Qatar' leesan 'license' batri 'battery' ,cingaal 'fork' beruut 'Beirut' li-kweet 'Kuwait' 1-guds 'Jerusalem' 9umaan 'Oman' l-9een 'Al-Ain' 9.
Nouns which denote females. Such nouns have corresponding masculine nouns of different stems: Masculine 9. Count 'umm 'mother' 'uxu 'brother' nouns designate countable entities and mass nouns indicate 'uxut 'sister' 'ibin uncountable nouns. Singular nouns occur in a variety of patterns and 'son of ' bint 'daughter of ; girl' it is difficult to predict the plural of a noun from the singular pattern sbayy 'young boy' bnayya 'young girl' except in a few cases, 49 which will be pointed out below.
See 83 for some more examples. Sometimes this siffixatipn, of the dual encfing requires appropriate stem changes, as will be shown belowi Nonhuman masculine nouns that end in -a form their dual by ifi l. Feminine Nouns watan 'homeland' wataneen 'two homelands' Feminine nouns that do n o t end with -a form their dual by M.
Mi kirfaayateen 'two beds' var. Sound plurals are of two kinds: sound masculine 'Kuwaiti' kweetiyyiin and sound feminine plurals. Occupational Nouns s 4 A.
Sound Masculine Most occupational nouns have alternative broken plural forms, which are more commonly used than the corresponding sound Most sound masculine plural nouns refer to male human beings masculine forms.
Examples: or a group in which there is at least one male. If the masculine singular 9ayyaal 'male dancer' 9ayyaaliin alt. Nouns of Participle Origin mudarris 'teacher' mudarsiin 9akkaas 'photographer' 9akkaasiin Active and passive participles, derivation and meaning, are discussed in The following are only examples: 4. Diminutive N o u n s s s Almost all sound masculine diminutive noun's are of adjective origin and of the fVayyil pattern.
They take the -iin suffix for their Some of these plurals have alternative broken plurals in parentheses. The phirai of hnar B. Sound Feminine " 'year' is the irregular sanawadt alt. Sound feminine plural nouns are formed by adding -adt to the y.. Most feminine singular'nouns ending in'-a: qada 'lunch' qadayaat saa9a 'hour; clock' saa9aat 9asa 'dinher, supper' 9asayaat wazaara 'ministry' wazaaraat Note that such "nouns add -y- before -aat is suffixed. Examples: keelu5 'kilogram! There afe a number of pluralizing patterns, a few of which can be predicted from the singular pattern, but in most cases it As in dalaad yiHHaat 'three watermelons,' for example.
Note that the ending -aa is omitted before the plural suffix -aat. Nouns-Inflection The Morphology of Gulf Arabic Note that this pattern includes nouns and adjectives whose singular the singular. For this reason, the plurals of nouns should be learned has,a weak middle radical, e'. The following are the most common broken plural patterns of nouns of triradical roots: 3. The great majority This pattern has the variant fu9uul.
Most singulars of this plural e. Most adjectives of the first consonant. Examples: the fa9iil pattern have this plural pattern. A less commonly used 'camel caravan' jawaafil jaafla plural pattern for such adjectives is the sound masculine plural form: 9awaayil fa9iiliin.
Example with a weak middle radical. Example with a final identical doubled consonant. Hoota 'sheep pen' Hwaat calb 'dog' claab This means individuals—the name of each of whom is jaasim—or gars 'loaf of bread' graas rootra 'garden' individuals who belong to the Jawasim tribe. Individuals who belong to this tribe. Most singular taabig 'floor, flat' tuwaabig nouns of this plural pattern have patterns mif9aal, maf9uul or doosari 'belonging to the duwaasir 6 2 ' mfa99il.
Almost all singular diriisa 'window' diraayis namuuna 'kind, sort' namaayin occupational nouns of the fa99aal pattern have this plural pattern. This pattern has the plural variant fu9al if the singular contains xayyaat 'tailor' xayaayiit u, uu, or oo. This has the variant 'isyas. Replacing the set phrase UHyatin gaanma lit. This has the variant "iHjar.
Hibir fanaadig, daxtar doctor' Some nouns of this pattern have the -iyyd ending in t the daxaatir alt. The singular patterns of Almost all gamiis 'shirt' 'gazelle' gizlaan singular nouns of this plural pattern are locative nouns of t h e maf9al 9awar 'one-eyed 9iwraan gazaal or maf9ala pattern.
The underlying form of quuri is quwri. This pattern has the two variants fu9aali and fi9aali. Most As in yuuniyyat 9ees 'a large bag of rice,' usually made of cloth, singular nouns of this plural pattern are of the pattern fu9li var.
The second u infu9ul is epenthetic. Nouns-Inflection The Morphology of Gulf Arabic 'aswad 'black' suud 'abya6' 'white' bird- 'asfar 'yellow' sufur 'asmar 'brown' sumur Habaara 'bustard' -Hibir 'azrag 'blue' zurg or zirg Hamar 'red' Humur xarrar 'green' xurhor Nouns of A. This has the rare variant pattern fi9aaliil or fu9aaliil.
Some this pattern haye singulars of various patterns. Examples: nouns of this pattern have the singular fi9laal. Nouns sa9daan 'garden, orchard' bisaatiin with this pattern have various singular patterns.
Examples: bistaan 9abd 'slave' 9abiid Hmaar 'jackass' Hamiir 'fork' cinaagiil cingaal 'j; Hurma 'woman, wife' Hariim nxala 'palm tree' naxiil B. Some others have the singular pattern fa9luul: The following plural patterns are of limited 'boat' jalaabiit jalbuut membership; they have few examples. Some others have various singular patterns: maHaasna alt.
Some of these nouns have already been covered in previous patterns. Some kinship ,nouns designating immediate family daxtar 'doctor' daxaatra var. Qthers Examples: mara also Hurfnd 'woman; wife' Hariim bantaloon 'pants' banaatliin A.
Some singular nouns, usually of foreign origin, form their 'i plural by adding -iyya to the singular, sometimes with appropriate jigaara 'cigarette' jigaayir i stem changes. Mpst of these nouns- end in -i and are nisba or taksi ,t 'taxi' tikaasi occupational nouns.
In GA, as in any other dialect oi" 'arduni 'Jordanian' Arabic,- nouns are not inflected for case. In GA, however, some 'arduniyya indefinite nouns in-a non-final position, in set or idiomatic phrases, B.
Some parts of the body: riil proverbs and poetry have the ending -in, which is n o t a case i f i 'foot; leg' riileen inflection since it only means that the word on which it occurs is not var. There is also the rare literary form 'aabaa'. There is also the rare literary form 'axawaat. The n common to these three endings occurs only in indefinite nouns The second noun may be another noun construct or a series of Example from poetry: constructs: gasir Haakim l-'imaara, 'the palace of the ruler z-zeen zeenin law ga9ad min manaama of the Emirate' w-s-seen seenin law gassal b-saabuun gasir Haakim 'imaarat 'the palace of the ruler lii.
If the second element is definite, the kill, meaning 'everyone, each person,' is usually used with the -in first one is "treated as definite"; 7 9 if it is indefinite, the first one is ending in set phrases: indefinite also: killin Haliiba yjiiba, siyyaadat msiid cibiira 'a big mosque carpet' Meaning: 'one is brought or drawn back by one's own milk.
If b o t h elements of a noun construct have the same gender, killin yara n-naas b-9een tab 9a. The first element consists of a Abu iiabi becomes bu dabi in rapid speech. This proverb is always used in a pajorative sense. Construct phrases in this section are restricted to Noun and Elative above examples show.
Numeral, Non-Numeral, and Ordinal constructs appear under Hagg is usually used with animate or inanimate nouns while maal is Quantifiers below. Nqun Modifiers 11? In the following analysis the meanings of. Composition a. Qualification 9acwat seeba 'the cane of an old man' 'the days of the cold, cold days,' 'ayyaam 1-bard soogat l-9aruus 'the bride's jewelry' 'the man of truth, truthful man' rayyaaljs-sidg b.
Limitation 2. Naming kuub caay 'a tea cup' madiinat dbayy 'the city of Dubai' syarat burtagaal 'an orange tree' raas 1-xeema 'Ras Al-khaima' rhadrasat 'awlaad 'a boys' school' lit. N is the noun head. The formation saayig s-sayyaara «- s-saayig. They show 'the government employee' 'The government employes the the following grammatical relationships: employee. Verb-Subject 'his father's spoiled one' 'His father spoils him. Noun loc.
Transitive Verb and Object underlying intransitive verb: tafniis 1-kuuliyya 'the firing of coolies' yalas 'to sit' maylis lit. Constructs that belong to this category are ambiguous: if tafniis taffaayat jigaara «- mukaan ykubbuun fii jigaayir l-kuuliyya is related to X yfannis l-kuuliyya 'X terminates the 'an ash tray' 'a place where they throw away services of the coolies,' then the grammatical relationship is Vtra—obj.
It means either 'the best one fraak il-mukaan 'that place,' ma9 il-9ayuuz 'with the old woman,' but of the men' partitive or 'the Jjfest who are men. They are divided into the following categories: The elative form of the adjective is of the pattern 'af9al, e. Hurmateen 0inteen If the numeral is used with a following noun, that noun must 'two women' f. Example: sitt 'six' 9as i r 'ten' cam waaHid tabi?
The They are used in conjunction with a noun for emphasis, as in rayyaal transcription in this instance shows the word intact, without waaHid 'one man. Cardinals 2 The cardinals which belong to this category are in a construct form with the noun they precede, but unlike noun The cardinals have two forms: one used independently constructs such numeral nouns may be. CardinalSs 'arba9ta9sar tisi9ta9sar This category' comprises the hundreds , , , through xamista9sar The word for is 'imya var.
The cardinal is invariable the construct form of takes the article prefix: 'imya is 'imyat or miyat and it can take the article prefix; the noun Hda9sar b i 9iir 'eleven camels' modified is singular: 'imyat beet ' houses' 0na9sar naaga 'twelve camels f.
These cardinals are invariable and can sab9imyat beet take the article prefix: 0amaanimyat diinaar ' dinars' tis9imyat fils ' fils' 9isriin ga9uud 'twenty young camels m. Another less commonly used word is lakk, which is preserved in the speech of older and uneducated Gulf Arabs. Ordinal f. From the eleventh upward they are obligatorily post-posed; 'larger ordinals than the xaamis yoom 'the fifth day' hundredth are rarely used. When ordinals are post-posed, they are xaamis marra 'the fifth time' used attributively as adjectives, and with adjectival inflection.
If, however, the ordinal follows the noun, the entire construction is Ordinals are divided into t h e following subclasses: indefinite: a. Ordinals 3 'aaxir xatt 'the last letter' This class includes ordinals from the eleventh upward. These ordinals do not show cardinal-ordinal distinction in form but they do in word-order: they obligatorily 'aaxir s-saalfa -'the last part of the story' follow the noun-head.
They do not show gender concord: 'aaxir s-saari9 'the last part of the street' l-b i 9iir Ii-Hda9as 'the eighteenth camel m. Any of rthese. Higher fractions are usually expressed periphrastically with the 'aglabiyya and 'akdariyya 'majority,, most' belong to this category of partitives, but they tend to modify a human noun: cardinal numerals and the use of the preposition min 'of, from'. Qalaatt or Qalatt to dneen 'two' is irregular: nuss 'half.
On the other hand, to add emphasis to kill 1-madiina 'the whole city' the semantic force of the demonstrative pronoun, it may follow the noun it modifies with the semantic restrictions on i t s concord as In GA kill may take nunation, -especially in proverbs and set phrases: mentioned above: killin ymidd riila 9ala'gadd l-Haafa. It modifies either Ni or N 2. If it modifies N i , it Like father like son. In addition to the article prefix, another part of the determiner system of GA occurs in pre-modification position.
It is the The other demonstratives are: demonstrative pronoun. Members of this limited set of pronouns ha d-aak 'that m. For the purposes of this part of hazreel a 1-Hurumteen 'these two women f.
Htaar 'to be puzzled' miHtaar 'puzzled' s. Examples: bird" 9ali mtarris 1-xatt. From quadriliterals, the pattern is mfa9lal. Note Passive participles derived from transitive verbs t h a t take that active participle forms of verbs of Class VII which are prepositional objects always have pronouns suffixed to the intransitive or passive in meaning have a passive meaning:, prepositions.
The suffixed pronouns have as their antecedents the taanki mintiris 'a filled, full tank' noun-head of the construction. The participle does n o t show garsa mingatta 'a discarded, thrown away bottle' agreement with the subject; it remains in the base form i.
The passive participles of the grammatical and aspectual. Grammatical A passive participle depicts its referent as the goal of the action: The dual form is not used; the plural form is used instead see sayyaara mad9uuma 'a hit car 1 Progressive yadiid 'new' yi,did 'to furn nety' 1 var.
Almost all of them are derived from Class I verbs, e. W :l describes someone, a male, as being in, or undergoing, a state of They are formed by suffixing -i to the word, sometimes with anger.
The same distinction in meaning applies, respectively, to 'happy' firiH 'to be happy' Harraan vs. Haarr 'hot. Such as the edge of a sword. Most" such nouns are place names and of 'truthful' 'asdaj more truthful' saadj the pattern fa9la or fi9ld. Examples: var. Weak : Middle Roots waflba 'Wathba' 10 ' 7 In these elatives the 9 is either a v or a ,w , depending on the Or the less commonly used foogaani.
Or the less commonly used taHtaani. A city in Iraq. A place1 name. A place name in Abu Dhabi. A town on the Gulf of Oman. An island in Abu Dhabi. Or 'aHsan. The elatives 3aruuri 'akflar 'more necessary' fraruuri 'necessary' derived from such adjectives are of the 'af9a pattern. They 9aali 'high' 'a91a 'higher' differ from nouns in that nouns are either masculine or feminine; saqi 'naughty' 'asqa 'naughtier' adjectives have two forms, a masculine form and a feminine form, hadi 'quiet' 'ahda 'quieter' depending upon the noun they modify.
The feminine singular form sixi 'generous' of the adjective is formed from the masculine singular form by 'asxa 'more generous' suffixing -a, sometimes with appropriate stem changes as described qabi 'stupid' 'aqba 'more stupid' below.
Double Roots 1. Adjectives of the patterns maf9uul, fa9iil or fi9iil , fa9laan, In these elatives the second and third roots ,are identical. They or other adjectives that end with either a single consonant prededed are derived from positive adjectives in which the second and the third by a long vowel or a double consonant preceded by a short or a long roots are also identical.
The pattern is 'afa Examples: Haarr 'hot' 'aHarr maynuun 'crazy maynuuna 'hotter' yadiid 'new' 'ayadd matruus 'full' matruusa 'newer' var. Or 'axfaf. Feminine adjectives of color and defect are formed from 3. Adjectives of the patterns faa9il, fayyil, dr other adjectives, that end with -VC in which -V- is an unstressed v o w e l , : l s asmar 'dark' samra drop ,V- when -a is suffixed.
A good number of these adjectives are active and passive participles Some gsaar or gasijriin gasiir '. Note that the appropriate ste,rn changes in the formation of the sound plural forms are the same as those for tjie var. The singular 3rd person f. Note that these adjectives have other plural patterns, as of the dialects of GA; those on the right, i.
The same speakers leewaawi 'from Liwa' leewaawiyya would also use ''intu for both the masculine and the feminine 2nd barbaraawi 'from Barbara' barbaraa wiyya person plural. There are no dual forms of personal pronouns in GA; the plural forms are used instead.. As the subject of a verbal sentence see They are inflected for gender and number. In GA there are ten such pronouns. Elsewhere -k and -c are used. Pronouns may be suffixed to- verbs, nouns, active participles, r The second person, plural has two forms each: -kuj-kum for the and particles.
When suffixed to verbs, function as the objects of masculine" and -kuf-kin for the feminine. Thdse forms" are not those verbs, and when suffixed to nouns they indicate possession.
Suffixed to Verbs Sound. J ' -c7-ic Examples: 'intin " 'you f. Verb form here indicates either a verb by itself or a verb plus subject marker.
This transcription, however, will-show -tc instead of -cc: 5. The forms 9arafatic, itabaHatic,. Examples: bageetu 'you m. Pronouns The Morphology of Gulf Arabic 6.
Examples: Haljic 'your f. If -CC is a double consonant, then it is ' gatkin' he threw you f. Note that this rule is the same as that for verbs as was gatna 'he threw us away' shown above and particles, as shown below. However, in GA possession is more commonly yiHHa 'his watermelons' expressed by the use of maal 'belonging to. Feminine singular nouns ending in -a add -t- before the 'uxuukum 'your m.
Suffixed to Active Participles 9aarfatkin 9aariftinni 'having known me' Pronouns suffixed to-active participles are in some respects like 9aarfatni those suffixed to verbs and in others like those suffixed to nouns. Note the ambiguity in 9aanftinna 'having known tu. The latter form has the nunation ending -inn before the forms above: suffixed pronoun.
Both forms are used. Note that such active participles must be used as verbs, e. In the other forms there is a tendency in GA to mHaacyatna mHaaciitinna 'having spoken with us' use it with objects or persons that are' pointed out or physically mla9wizni mla9iwzinni 'having bothered me' present; with other objects its use is optional.
I would have seen them. I want. Qataris, in which case it means only 'how 'ay ya ktaab tabi? It can be preceded by a preposition: 9ala cam 1-yiHH? In most , The English phrase how many people?
J fiic 'in'you A s-fiijc? Why is it 1 initial -V, 9ant changes into 9dnn-. Of these ma9a-. Propositions in QA are divioled into the following groups: , Of all the interrogatives, only ween 'where' may take suffixed pronduns: A. It is fi iraak 1-yoom , ' on that day' rarely used in the U. In such constructions sloon has the meaning min: 'from; from amongj belonging to; of; ago' of 'why? T am from Dubai. T went with Abdalla. T went lit. Don't worry! T was alone; I was by m y s e l f tHasla 9ind 1-gassaab.
This is a literary borrowing, -i in kulli is a case ending. These are prepositions that can also be»used,as adverbs-and gabil saa9a 'an hour ago' ' as nouns. The following are tfie most common: T foog: 'over, above; up' yiit hini min gabil. Note that nisba adjectives see' This group qf prepositions can be used as nouns only.
The, cle,rk is under the director. He is hiding, withholding s. Haggati 'my car' 'He went inside. T h e y took him to the doctor. Both are often used instead of a gabl s-saa9a sitt 'before six o'clock' noun construct; maal has a tendency to be used when the first noun indicates an appliance or is a borrowing. Either w- or 'u- is used at the beginning of a sentence or a phrase: w-jaasim?
Examples: l-9aruus a w-l-mi9ris 'the bride and the bridegroom' 'asma w- 'asim 'ubuu 'his name and his father's name' raayiH yitfassax w-yilbas 'He is going to take off his clothes d-disdaasa. Examples: 'inta walla saalim? Shaikh Zayid. Example: gaal 'aw ma-gaal ' whether he said or not' fa-: 'and. It approaches the meaning of 'and my reaction, or the reaction called for by the situation. T h e Shaikh called me, and I got up.
It shares with leen the meaning of 'till, lo liini lo hnaal? Temporal wagtma tyi,9allimna biiha. T saw lum while he was crying. Conditional C. Purpose lo: 'if. T work so as to eat. While caan yabi dibs 1-Hasa lit. Al-Hasa, he will lick it. Others preposition with the meaning of 'without. In some contexts, especially in proverbial phrases, la implies li'ann: ''because' condition. Examples: 'ariid asrab baarid T want to have a beverage la-Hasal I-maay bital lit.
An Eastern Province, district, in Saudi Arabia. Cleansing one's face and hands with sand, in place of water, before cifta. In Islam a sick person or a person away from water is allowed to do this in lieu of ablution with water. This is analogous to the literary ka 'anna. T i l see,you torh6rrow. The following are the main groups of adverbs and xairat s-ma tabi.
In some Bedouin dialects 1-baarHa means last night. T h i s is the cheapest I could find. T will go with him tomorrow. K tawni yiit. Place laazim aVuuH halHazza. T have an appointment. What time? T went to the doctor later 6ri. Others s-subuu9 l-maafti: 'last week' Among adverbs are also words or phrases tjiat indicate manner such as quickly, slowly, straight, etc.
Among adverbs are also some words ending with -an, most of which are 'of min gabil: 'before' literary origin or borrowings from other dialects. T have talked to her before. Hiin means 'time' in literary Arabic. Abu Dhabi Marine Areas, Ltd. For these and other prepositions and prepositional phrases used as adverbs, see What is this talk? T wish I could talk'to her. What do you m. What shall I do with it Among particles are also words or phrases that serve other f.
The numbers and Roman numerals ,refer to units and sections, equivalents. Also included here are the negative particles. Some of these words and phrases have already been explained in A Basic Course in Gulf Arabic by the same author. At your service.
V'ldbbeek is 'from literary See also 29 V3 for the'perfect Icaan fii 'there was; there'were' Arabic labbaikp, with the same meaning1.
It has a further and the negatives ma fii and ma kaan fii. What's wrong?! Unit 34 9iidak mbaarak: 'Happy holiday! The subject may be a noun,or a pronoun; the predicate may be a noun, an adjective, or a prepositional phrase. T h e s e are Shiite Bahrainis. T h e barrel is full. A special kind of nominal sentence called 'equational sentence' is included in this section. Examples: 'Your hottest i. T h e i r Shaikh is Hadif. T am with you. T h e wedding is after tomorrow.
I have. Sentence 26, on the other hand, is an equational sentence, as there is usually one 1-hamuur 'atyab s-simac. T h e hamuur is the most delicious person, at one time, that is responsible for someone else, i. T h e first director is he. Either the subject or the predicate of the above cited sentences can be used with modifiers: I T h e best among the pots and pans is the kettle. I-yaryuur Hayawaan baHri T h e shark is a big sea animal.
Oamaan is short for Qamaanya rubbiyya 'eight rupees' fils in Bahrain, or eight dirhams in Abu Dhabi, or the equivalent of eight riyals in Qatar. T h e r e are tomatoes in the big greenhouse. T h e y do not have any children. T h e two boys are with her. Examples 11 and 12 The reversed order of the subject and predicate in examples 22 and are negativized by mu u b : 23, i.
Qatari hast and However, the Kuwaiti negative forms kaan 'aku and kaan maaku or ma kaan 'aku are less 4. Probably a corruption of literary ma min say' 'not anything; not a single thing. In sentences,9 and l"0 the verb may be inflected for gender, i. If the noun "precedes, however, gender A verbal sentence is one that contains a finite verb. There are B. I f the subject is definite, it ma;y either precede or follow the two kinds of verbal sentences: verb, although j,t has'a tendency to precede the verb.
T h e bridegroom pays a certain sum. Hasal da9ma fi s-suug. T was trapped by conceit. Note that The comment includes a pronoun suffixed to the noun or fii 'there is; there are'; in 11 and 12 the comment is a verbal sentence particle in a nominal sentence 6r pseudo-verbal sentence or suffixed with a pronoun suffixed to the verb; in 13 the pronoun is suffixed to to the verb or preposition in a verbal sentence.
The referent of the the active participle with nunation 9aazmin 'having invited,' which suffixed pronoun is the noun or pronoun in the topic. In the has the function of a verb; and in 14 and 15 the pronoun is suffixed following examples the referent and the suffixed pronoun are to a preposition in the verbal sentence which is the comment.
T h e children are with the women. Tf you wanted the truth, I would tell you. Tf he, came, I would go to greet him. The verb in -the if- clause is in the, perfect tense' with "or 3. Examples: 5. Tf you see anything, don't say anythipg. Tf 1 see him! Tf you come'here,'it is better. In unlikely conditionals, the verb usually expresses a condition 'Make hay while the sun shines. The verbs in the if- clause prayer, you would have gotten it. Tf I had found him, I would have kissed his hand.
Tf you had worked, I would have given you some money. A : Sometimes la is used with a perfect tense verb: leen toosal ruuH l-'uteel. Other a verb except for example 5, which has the pseudo-verbal examples are: construction 9indak 'you, have. Tf you owe money, pay it back. Tf it is from him, I don't want it.
A participle is occasionally used in the if- clause: lit. Tf he turned himself into a beatle, it would be better. Io m9arris caan ma tabb ihni. It may serve as: Tf you are in a hurry, take a taxi. The negative particle la 'no; n o t ' is sometimes used with the effect of a conditional particle. The verb in the main clause is also 8. One of the Mamelukes used to have sexual intercourse with his negated by la and expresses a negative command: master's Omayr's wife while Omayr was away.
If the 'It is not good for yqu to'bottier them-' antecedent js indefinite, 'illi is not normally -used in GA, although I5T. A relative clause is either Tsn't'it, true that BaHrain is fun? T h e s e are thp girls who went. T h i s is the road that leads to 'Al-Ainl' B. Al-Ain' T got it from the one who stole,it,' Haafri Hagg illi ma yirHam nafsa.
The antecedents in the above examples, r-rayyaal 'the man,' l-banaat 'the girls,' r-rasta 'the road,' etc. The relative clauses in examples are verbal, upon himself. Examples of Indefinite Relative Clauses, T h i s is better than that which we bought. A relative clause modifies a n o u n , a proper name or a p r o n o u n A relative clause introduced by 'illi is a definite relative clause; including a demonstrative pronoun.
The noun, proper name, or otherwise it is an indefinite relative clause. If t h e used in informal and rapid speech. T h i s is talk which carinot, li-msaafriin illi riHt 'the passengers that I went, T h i s is a film that makes 'the university which I T want a house that is Another type of relative clause in GA is one in which a suffixed by the sea.
Such a I found'- "There was an old man whose beard was grey lit. Hurma zeena sa9arha tawiil gilitta. Such a relative clause has used t o ' the function of a noun, i. This type of relative clause is frequently found in Other examples of relative clauses as noujis: » proverbial and idiomatic phrases. Don' l't kill the goose tfyat Jays the golden egg. T h e Shaikh is the "Che we went with. Like father like son. Make hay while the sun shines, lit. T h i s is for the one who comes first.
In examples , the relative clauses function as'predicates of the The child is father ,of the man. It is used, for example, to describe a person who tries hard to hide or examples , they function as objects of the verbs 9ata 'to give,' conceal a certain quality or behavior; one day it will be uncovered. From the fable of the fox ascribed to Aesop. The proverb conveys the 62 and 63, they are governed by the prepositions Hagg 'belonging t o ' meaning of a disparagement of s.
It is used, for example, to describe a person who professes loyalty and In the foregoing examples the relative clauses in 24, 31, and 59 sincerity after he has proved to be disloyal and unfaithful. It is comprehensive in its coverage—ranging from phonology how sounds are organized and used to morphology sound, syllable, and word structure , with an analysis that is insightful and original. It contains hints on how to master nuances in dialectical pronunciation, as well as the differences of meaning in their various forms.
Based on the dialect of Damascus, the language covered here is part of what has variously been called "Syrian Arabic," "Eastern Arabic," and "Levantine Arabic," encompassing the dialects of Beirut, Amman, and Jerusalem—as well as Damascus—with references made to regional variants. In a world drawn ever closer to events in the Middle East, this comprehensive grammar reference is yet another extraordinary addition to the growing library of Arabic language-learning materials published by Georgetown University Press.
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